What is a Solar Storm?

Solar storms are a captivating domain within astrophysics and hydrodynamics, revealing the intricate dance between the Sun’s magnetic forces and their profound impact on Earth. Given the recent online alerts about solar storms, understanding the science behind solar storms is crucial for staying well-informed and as a defense against widespread fear and misinformation associated magnetic storms.

This article aims to demystify solar storms, exploring their origins and how they affect Earth.

Understanding the Science Behind Solar Storm

The Sun’s magnetic field is a dynamic, complex network of lines extending throughout the solar system. This magnetic influence plays a pivotal role in generating and intensifying solar storms. Scientists describe a solar storm, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as a phenomenon in which the Sun creates enormous bursts of energy. These eruptions stem from activities on the Sun’s surface, notably manifested in sunspots and solar flares, expelling both electrically charged particles and magnetic fields.

The energy released during a massive solar storm can equal billions of atomic bombs, emitting staggering radiation frequencies across the electromagnetic spectrum, including X-rays and ultraviolet light.

The Carrington Event of 1859

In 1859, an event known as the Carrington Event occurred when CMEs collided with Earth’s surface, disrupting telegraph systems and creating spectacular auroral displays. Professor Peter Becker from George Mason University in the United States highlighted this historic event as a testament to the impact of solar storms on our planet. While the vast majority of solar storms pass by Earth without significant consequences, when conditions align, they can lead to catastrophic results. 

Solar storms or the geomagnetic storm, can potentially cause widespread disruptions in communication systems and power grids worldwide, including internet connectivity. They can also interfere with compasses and electromagnetic gadgets, putting radio, military communications, and early warning systems at risk of damage. Satellites are also vulnerable to charged space particles, which can cause malfunctions or permanent damage. Additionally, solar storms can create light displays similar to the Northern Lights in the sky.

Health impacts of changes in the solar and geomagnetic environment

Research conducted by scientists from the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences in 2018 suggests that changes in the solar and geomagnetic environment could lead to various health issues, including alterations in blood flow, irregular heartbeats or cardiac arrhythmia, cardiovascular diseases, epileptic seizures, increased blood pressure, and an increased incidence of myocardial infarction-related death, there is little evidence to support this claim.

Dr. Dale Gary, a distinguished physics professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology’s Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research (NIJT), contradicts the study, stating that the changes and fluctuations mentioned are minuscule, ranging at about a 10th of a percent. As of writing, the latest CME was spotted on November 15 but did not hit the Earth. 

Solar storms and accurate forecasts and predictions

Given the potential consequences of large solar flare storms on our technological infrastructure, efforts are underway to improve space weather forecasting and enhance our ability to mitigate their impact. Dr. Arik Posner, a physicist for NASA, said solar radiation storms are unpredictable, but scientists have found ways to anticipate them.

Predicting solar flares and CMEs

Scientists regularly monitor the Sun’s activity during a solar cycle, which occurs every 11 years when the magnetic north and south poles reverse. Through tracking solar surface phenomena and cycle forecasts, scientists can predict the likelihood of solar flares and CMEs occurring.

Space weather prediction centers

Space weather prediction centers, such as NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), and the European Space Agency Space Weather Coordination Centre (SSCC), monitor solar activity and provide forecasts to alert operators of satellites, power grids, and other critical infrastructure about potential space weather events. 

US Naval Research Laboratory

The US Naval Research Laboratory, the air force weather agency, and scientists from George Mason University are also developing an early warning system that could provide predictions 18 to 24 hours in advance class flares. Scientists from the Japanese Institute for Earth-Environmental Research have also developed a new forecast method to predict solar flares up to 24 hours ahead.

Additionally, advancements in technology and engineering are contributing to developing more resilient infrastructure. Satellite designers, for example, are incorporating measures to shield electronics from the effects of charged particles, while power grid operators are implementing strategies to minimize the impact magnetic storms on transformers.

Professionals and studies said the best approach to avoid interference from solar flare with the power supply and communications lines is to forecast when people can shut down their grids before solar flares strike the Earth.

Preparations and Precautions

In the light of possible solar storms, here are a couple of actions we can take as preparations and precautions to the solar radiation storm and ensure safety.

Be informed and updated

Stay tuned to credible news organizations and social media pages with real-time updates on important events in your area.

Beware of widespread misinformation

Discern how to differentiate misinformation and hoaxes from accurate and real-time news.

Stay hydrated

While limited studies suggest the adverse effects of solar storms on our health, it is better to be safe than sorry. Ensure you have access to clean drinking water and consume at least two liters of it per day. This way, you can avoid dehydration and other unknown consequences.

Make a communication plan with your family and loved ones

Create a list of the contact information of your loved ones, along with their schools and workplaces. Collect information about important places around your community, such as the nearest hospitals, groceries, and stores.

Consider different factors that might be necessary, such as the ages of your loved ones. Discuss your emergency meeting places and any medical history you might need to take note of. 

Have an emergency kit

Prepare non-perishable food, a flashlight, batteries, plastic containers of water, and medicine. Keep an extra phone and laptop fully charged in a safe place. Ensure you also have a backup stash of cash and anything else that might be handy.

Keep your car tank at least half full, as gas stations rely on electricity to power their pumps.

Add backup copies of essential digital and paper data and information, such as financial and personal records, in case they get lost from internet disruptions.

With the advancements in space weather forecasting and technological resilience, the world continues to be better equipped to navigate solar activities. The wisest thing to do is to prepare well, stay updated, and be protected from misinformation.